Some of the jurisprudential reasons which are discussed in the books of principles of jurisprudence are called practical principles (usul-e-'amaliya).. One of the practical principles is the principle of istishab (presuming continuation of the status quo ante).It may happen that those who must apply the justice, while setting disputes or applying civil or criminal statutes, would face with some cases that there are no express for them in the legal systems and codified laws. It is here that those who must apply the rules and judges, with the use of the nature of the laws, judicial precedence and legal doctrines and, in some cases, with respect to practical principles will on the base of them, resolve the problem in question.

Forage growing natural areas dedication to villagers in the framework of codified scientific plans could play an important role in the livelihood of villagers and the assessment of this plans result in noticeable help to planners to obtaining participation of rural stakeholders and will led to natural areas conservation. This study aimed to assess the effect of natural areas dedication to rural stakeholders in the framework of codified scientific plans from the standpoint of stakeholders and experts. This study was carried out based on survey methods. The number of samples was determined 37 stakeholders absent in rangeland ranches and 40 experts using the Cochran formula which have selected in random-categorizing method. Data analysis was performed using Spearman correlation coefficient and regression analysis in SPSS version 16. The results showed that the relation between the variables of: stakeholder's training, improving economic capability of stakeholder's family through rangeland improvement and restoration plans, improving economic capability of stakeholder's family through combination of cultivation and ranching and improving economic capability of stakeholder's family through granting credits with the level of success in forage growing natural areas dedication to rural stakeholders in the framework of codified scientific plan are statistically significant at the level 0. 01. The results gained from multiple regression analysis by stepwise method show that mentioned independent variables, specified 79 percent of effective factors on the success of forage growing natural areas dedication to rural stakeholders. Despite the economic problems of stakeholders in natural areas, we recommend special attention to create jobs and attract young workers in participation of codified scientific plans. Despite the economic problems of stakeholders in natural areas, we recommend special attention to create jobs and attract young workers in participation of codified scientific plans.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The world of mystical beliefs is based on the knowledge obtained from vague and internal intuition and sensory experience that conventional knowledge and language are not able to express. A hint of knowledge-not descriptive and inexperienced-that is gained through experience. Since the advent of the Qur'anic sciences and even before that, religious scholars, commentators, theologians, orators, parliamentarians, dervishes and Sufis have been well acquainted with the methods of cryptic expression. The most important indicator of the mystic's thoughts and beliefs is reflection on language, and for this reason it is of special importance. In Persian, many mystics and Sufis have undertaken mystical interpretation of the Qur'an in order to achieve a deeper and more artistic understanding of God's word, and during this period, various types of interpretation have been formed, one of which is the mystical interpretation of Kashf al-Asrar Meybodi. In this research, the third time of mystery discovery has been discussed from the perspective of layers and cryptographic networks and layers, and based on Roland Barthes cryptographic pattern in three hermeneutic, semantic and symbolic layers, the mystical features of mystical interpretation of mystery discovery in The third turn is analyzed. METHODOLOGY: This study was a descriptive-analytical study in the form of library studies. FINDINGS: In the third turn of Kashfil al-Asrar, Meybodi is a kind of hermeneutic, semantic and symbolic cryptography is an attempt to mystically interpret the verses of the Qur'an. CONCLUSION: Most of the interpretation of Kashfil al-Asrar in the third turn is allusive and symbolic; In other words, Meybodi in this section tries to explore certain aspects of the message of the word in its underlying layers, which are closely related to literary and coded speech. Meybodi engages with the hidden meanings of the word with the help of various hermeneutic, semantic and symbolic codes.

In the late second and early third centuries AH, after passing a period of scattered opinions and fatwas, Islamic jurisprudence in a natural and logical process - as is the characteristic of every human knowledge -organized gradually in the form of jurisprudence denominations with scientific frameworks and certain methods of Ijtihad. Thereafter, most of all Muftis adopted one of the denominations of jurisprudence and they conducted ijtihad and derivation of rulings in the scope of its rules and regulations, while trying to refine the foundations of the adopted denomination, they gave answers to emerging issues. By choosing one of the denominations of thought and adhering to its fatwa, the imitators and followers received the answers to their problems from the sources of the chosen denomination and the fatwas of its mujtahids. Along with this main stream, which found intellectual and customary acceptance, throughout the history of jurisprudence, especially in the contemporary era, some have opposed and confronted the obligation to the jurisprudential school and adherence to the bases of ijtihad and jurisprudential fatwas of denominations. The necessity of taking rulings directly from the Qur’an and the Sunnah, the innovation of compiling the jurisprudential denominations and following them, the connection of following denominations with jurisprudential prejudices and the plurality of mujtahids are the most important justifications and reasons of this theory. After examining the issue and evaluating the evidence, this critical research has shown the weakness of the theoretical foundations and reasons cited by the advocates of the theory in question, the necessity of adhering to codified denominations, and the necessity of closing the ways of jurisprudential regression and returning to the scattered practices of the past.

ABSTRACT Over the past 50 years since the first research in the field of urban development implementation plans, there has been a noticeable absence of a comprehensive literature review on this topic in the global arena. This article provides a textual analysis related to the subject of urban development implementation plans, to identify important and recurring themes alongside analyzing the relationships between authors, journals, and countries in this field. Along with the bibliographic analysis, documents related to the field of urban development implementation plans were reviewed to identify influential indicators in their implementation. To this end, 456 scientific articles were extracted from the Scopus scientific database as of October 28th, 2022, and analyzed using scientometric software. These analyses include examining author keywords, country co-authorships, journal bibliographic coupling, and author co-citations. In this study, 74 final indicators were identified as the most recurrent indicators in this field. The bibliographic analysis also produced several noteworthy results. The United States is the most active country in this field, with a link strength of 40 and 176 articles. Berke, P. is the most influential author in this field, with a link strength of 1623 and 99 citations. Among the journals examined, "Land Use Policy" has the highest bibliographic coupling strength of 84, and the "Journal of the American Planning Association" has the highest number of documents related to this field, with 22 documents; finally, among the identified. Extended Abstract Introduction The implementation of urban development projects has been a neglected topic in public policy research, despite its critical importance in ensuring the success of such projects. While there have been numerous studies on the factors that contribute to the success or failure of policy implementation, there has been a lack of systematic reviews on the subject of implementation as a whole. This study aims to address this gap in knowledge by providing a comprehensive overview of the implementation process of urban development projects. This study aims to address this gap in knowledge by providing a comprehensive overview of the implementation process of urban development projects. The study begins by collecting and categorizing existing research in the field, focusing on three main questions: -What are the key indicators for successful implementation? -What are urban journals and articles' current trends and performance? -How do countries and researchers collaborate in this area? The study also examines the relationships between authors, publishers, and different types of documents through bibliographic analysis. Ultimately, this study highlights the need for further research and a more structured approach to understanding the implementation process of urban development projects.   Methodology This study examined the literature related to implementation and evaluation plans in urban and land use planning. The authors used the Scopus database to extract and collect data, focusing on combining the keywords "implementation-plan" and "evaluation-plan" in the keywords, abstracts, and titles. Initially, 621 studies were extracted, but 456 articles were selected as the final database after filtering out non-article documents. The authors observed a general upward trend for studies from 1968 to 2022, with a significant increase in the slope of the trend from 2007. However, a slight decrease in studies was observed in 2021 and 2022, possibly due to the global pandemic and the emergence of new related topics. The authors used a four-stage process to analyze the bibliographic subject of the study, including simultaneous occurrence analysis, co-authorship analysis, bibliographic coupling analysis, co-citation analysis, content analysis, and thematic analysis. The authors identified the selected articles' research objectives, methodologies, findings, and main themes and sub-themes. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive analysis of the literature on implementation and evaluation plans in urban and land use planning.   Results and discussion This research aims to comprehensively analyze the implementation and execution of urban development plans using bibliometrics and systematic analysis. The study considers evaluation as a crucial part of the implementation process and seeks to answer three fundamental questions. Firstly, it identifies effective indicators of implementation and execution globally. Secondly, it examines the trends and performances of new articles and urban journals. Thirdly, it investigates the pattern of cooperation among countries and researchers. The study identifies 74 general indicators that significantly impact the implementation process of urban plans. The results show that "performance evaluation," "effectiveness," "land use," "zonation," "participation," "program quality," and "implementation program" are critical indicators in this area. The study also highlights the importance of evaluation in the discussion of program implementation and its separability from the implementation process. Using the scientometric software VOSviewer, the study analyzed 68 keywords related to the bibliographic topic. "Program evaluation" obtained the first place, followed by "Program implementation" and "Program quality." The co-authorship analysis based on author items revealed that Berke, P. has the highest number of citations and link strength. Additionally, the study found that 72 countries have research in this field, with 22 countries having at least 5 citations that were clustered into 5 clusters by the software. The "land use policy" journal had the highest link strength, and the "Journal of the American planning association" had the highest number of documents related to this field. In conclusion, the study provides valuable insights for policymakers and researchers interested in urban development planning. It comprehensively examines the implementation and execution of urban development plans, identifies effective indicators, and investigates the pattern of cooperation among countries and researchers. The study highlights the importance of evaluation in the implementation process and its separability from the implementation process.   Conclusion The main goal of this research was to fill the gap in research on the implementation and execution of urban development projects in the field, as no systematic review of the topic has been conducted from a global perspective since the first research in this field about half a century ago. Only in some studies, such as those by Talen (1996), Oliveira & Pinho (2010), Rudolf & Grădinaru (2017), has the evaluation of implementation been systematically reviewed, or the systematic review of experiences in a specific urban area, such as the review of various experiences in the Beijing urban area (Chu, 2020). In this research, with the comprehensive approach that the evaluation of implementation is an integral part of the overall process of implementing and executing urban development projects, this process has been examined from the perspective of bibliometrics and systematic analysis of this field. The main difference of this research, which makes it completely new, is firstly having a comprehensive approach to the implementation field, where program evaluation is only an important part of its structure, and secondly, using the scientometric software VOSviewer for the first time in this field. In essence, the conclusive outcomes of this investigation were entirely novel and exhibited some partial congruences with antecedent studies in the domain of appraising and discerning indicators. Significantly, this research has conferred a systematic appraisal of the literature concerning the urban implementation and execution of projects, which is an unprecedented contribution. It should be acknowledged that this is an initial survey of data intended to offer a comprehensive outlook on this scholarly field, and thus it is subject to certain limitations, such as its confinement to the Scopus database. As such, it is recommended that future research endeavors encompass an analysis of additional databases and undertake comparative evaluations of the results. Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments  We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Introduction: Pregnancy, considered as a vulnerable period, exposes women to many new problems. Dealing with new conditions and problems can affect mental health of pregnant women. Hence, the present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of a codified educational behavioral program on the mental health of pregnant women.Methods: In this quasiexperimental study, 61 pregnant women were selected via convinience sampling who were assigned into two experimental (n=31) and control (n=30) groups. The experimental group received 4 weekly sessions of an educational behavioral program in a health center in Ahvaz. The study participants completed General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) before the treatment as the pretest and four weeks after the treatment as the posttest. The study data were analyzed via chi square test, paired t- test and independent t-test and significant level of the statistical tests was set less than 0.05.Results: The findings of the present study showed that mean score of mental health in the experimental group was significantly better than that of the control group in the post test (21.1±3.9 vs. 30.1±6.7). Moreover, the anxiety score (p=0.01), somatoform symptoms (p=0.01) and depression (p=0.02) were significantly better in the experimental group than the control group in the post test, though the score of social dysfunction (p=0.16) did not demonstrate any improvements in this group.Conclusion: It is can be concluded that educational behavioral program, as a beneficial method of intervention, could be applied in order to improve the pregnant women’ mental health.

ABSTRACT With the expansion of inefficient tissues, "Urban regeneration" has been objectified as a solution for developing cities in different physical, social and economic dimensions. Despite the development of the guidelines for urban regeneration projects, these projects in Iran still have challenges in the stage of realization and implementation. This article aims to identify the "challenges and causes of non-realization of urban regeneration projects in Iran" and analyse the research conducted in this field with a qualitative approach. For this purpose, a meta-analysis of 23 articles in the field of problems of urban regeneration projects in Iran was carried out. The challenges raised in the AtlasTI software were extracted with the help of open and axial coding. In the following, 100 codes were determined in the form of 10 groups or general categories. In the end, the obstacles to the realization of urban regeneration projects in Iran were given. According to the obtained results, the weak presence of non-governmental organizations, the problems of preparing plans, institutional and management problems, and the weakness of participation are the four most important and frequent challenges in the research related to the realization of urban regeneration projects in Iran Extended Abstract Introduction The trend of urban population growth and the expansion of inefficient urban fabrics along with the increasing immigrant population to the cities makes the planners think of filling the existing urban fabrics with excessive density and land use change, instead of the city horizontal development with regard to the urban sustainable development prism. Poor housing, low per capita services, lack of necessary infrastructure, low quality of life, economic stagnation and functional inefficiency, unorganized physical-spatial structure, high vulnerability to earthquakes, loss of social status, and various social problems exemplify the typical challenges of such deteriorated areas. Deterioration of the urban fabric has prompted the emergence of various urban development policies among which regeneration as an overarching approach characterized by its economic, social, environmental, physical, ecological dimensions and components including quality of life, justice, revitalization and participation. This concept, as an urban development policy, has been defined and applied in the vulnerable and deteriorated areas of cities in recent years. Started from physical redevelopment in the Second World War and passing through policies concentrated on social and economic welfare, urban regeneration policies moved towards the participation of local residents and the creation of sustainable places in recent decades. However, taking into consideration the manifestation challenges of urban development plans, in the existing literature, urban regeneration challenges have been less comprehensively investigated. This paper aims to identify the "challenges and causes of lack of urban regeneration plans manifestation in Iran" based on the review and analysis of the research conducted in this field with a qualitative approach in response to this question: "What are the challenges and obstacles to the manifestation of urban regeneration projects in Iran?”   Methodology This research aims to identify "challenges and obstacles to the manifestation of urban regeneration projects in Iran" through a meta-analysis of the research conducted in this field. Conducting a systematic search in Magiran, comprehensive humanities portal, and Google Scholar databases using the Boolean logic search used the keyword (challenges) AND key phrases (‘manifestation of plans’ AND ‘urban regeneration in Iran’) resulted in more than 70 Persian papers, 2 English papers, and 2 English theses. The reviewed studies included research and review papers, case study research, and the special issue of urban regeneration policy of Haft Shahr Journal. The geographical scope of the investigated studies covers the historical contexts of Iran, and metropolises such as Tehran, Tabriz, Shiraz, and Isfahan. Reviewing the abstracts, 23 studies were selected among which the research focusing on the different types of regeneration, and evaluation of urban regeneration indicators were excluded from the research process. To conduct meta-analysis after a comprehensive review of each study, open and focused coding of challenges was done through Atlas.ti software (version 8), and the obstacles to the manifestation of the plans were extracted. Coding process continued until the saturation was reached. Finally, the 115 codes obtained was reduced to 100 through integrating similar codes. Then, all the codes were categorized into 10 categories, and a comprehensive model of "challenges of manifestation of urban regeneration projects in Iran" was presented.   Results and discussion Based on the conducted review, the recognized problems with emphasis on the different aspects of urban regeneration projects are: 1) Weak presence of non-governmental organizations (18 codes); 2) Problems of preparing plans (17 codes); 3) Institutional and managerial problems (14 codes); 4) Weakness of participation (13 codes); 5) Duration and financial problems of urban regeneration plans (10 codes); 6) Problems of urban regeneration plans process (8 codes); 7) loss of identity of fabrics in the preparation of the plan (6 codes); 8) Lack of context-oriented approach (7 codes); 9) inefficient evaluation of plans (4 codes); 10) lack of social and specialized training for citizens and officials (3 codes). The lack of endogenous theory and insufficient knowledge of the environment and residents obstacle the manifestation of urban regeneration plans. Despite pretending the use of non-governmental organizations, the relevant law weaknesses, and the lack of belief in the effectiveness of it has led to disregard of the participation of non-governmental organizations in practice in the process of preparing and implementing development plans resulting in an inadequate context for manifestation of urban regeneration plans. In addition, the government supervision on NGO’s in the way of achieving independence has also caused limitations for their interplay. In terms of the issues in the preparation of plans, more emphasis on the physical and economic dimensions and the purely physical view, and the lack of attention to the social and cultural consequences, along with the loss of the community identity, are the factors of the failure of the plans to achieve the expected results. The lack of coordination between programs and multiple decision-makers led to the institutional confrontation instead of interaction. In this regard, the necessity of an integrated and comprehensive approach to urban regeneration has been acknowledged in the reviewed studies. NGO’s can play an effective role in communicating with citizens, educating citizens and informing them. It is also necessary to have the participation of the private sector and other organizations involved in the field of urban development in addition to public participation in all steps of preparation, implementation and occupation of projects and development plans. In the absence of a context-oriented approach in the preparation and implementation of urban regeneration plans in Iran with blind imitation of western models and the existence of limited urban infrastructure, following consequences are inevitable: uncertainty in terms of time, cost and site preparation before the implementation of the plan; lack of definition of urban regeneration plans in the different scales, neighborhood, region and city; and the uncertainty of the relationship between these plans and other urban development plans. As such in the current inadequate conditions driving the process of preparing plans, the possibility of implementing new policies and plans, is low and the implemented plans like many other urban development plans in Iran, are inefficient in the absence of the post occupancy evaluation.   Conclusion Based on the results, four priority challenges in the manifestation of urban regeneration plans in Iran include; the weak presence of non-governmental organizations, the problems of preparing plans, institutional and managerial issues, and the weakness of participation. "The weak presence of non-governmental organizations" has been mentioned as the first challenge in most reviewed studies (Ahmadifar et al., 2014). Regarding the "participation of citizens" even though in the set of laws and regulations of sustainable urban regeneration, promotion of citizenship culture, participation, and cooperation of local institutions are highlighted, the residents are not welcomed in practice. On the other hand, the lack of people's participation in the preparation and implementation of plans has made any urban regeneration actions fail or achieve to its partial goals. In this regard, the results of the previous comparative comparisons have shown that the lack of laws and regulations supporting participation in various fields is of the key factors (Nourian and Ariana, 2011, Shafie Dastjerdi and Sadeghi, 2016). The problems of preparing plans, institutional and managerial issues, ranked as the third and fourth issues in this study, have been emphasized in previous studies as well (Kalantari Khalil Abad et al., Pakro and Sattarzadeh, 2014, Izadi et al., 2019). Therefore, prioritizing the challenges raised by experts and determining operational strategies to solve them are issues that can be addressed in future studies.   Keywords Urban regeneration plans, manifestation, meta-analysis   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.

The discussion of the inefficiency and failure of Iran's urban master plans and the governance institutions' resistance to reforms highlighted the need to investigate the inefficiencies. The research began with this question: from where is the root of the criticisms and inefficiencies raised? This research is of qualitative type with an exploratory aspect conducted by the Straussian model, the data documentary search (70 articles), and purposeful interview (20 experts). The collected data were categorized in the form of open coding, axial coding, and selected coding. The study results were confirmed and approved by the participants with "Cresol questions Assessment. " The aim is to shed light on the underlying causes of inefficiency in urban construction plans. The findings of the study were categorized in 10 fields of "macrostructure of Iran's urban planning", and structures of "political", “ law and legal", “ administrative and organizational", “ decision-making", “ urban planning", “ leadership", “ power", “ evaluation” and “ monitoring and observation” . These categories showed that the most important underlying causes of inefficiencies are “ lack of common planning language", “ weakness in “ policymaking and policy-taking", “ lack of integrated legal structure", “ disproportionate organizational structure", “ centralized decision system", “ incompatible master planning model", “ incompatibility of the management system", “ inappropriate interference of power elements", “ lack of evaluation structure” and the “ inefficiency of the monitoring and oversight structure” . These causes result in applying the current method and planning model, which is incom-patible with the Iranian planning environment.

The formation of approaches with the attitude of advocacy planning can be related to the existence and continuity of spatial and socioeconomic inequality and the conventional failures of planning. In Iran, planners who work as urban planning engineers in most of the consulting engineer’ s companies, or in person, can use their expertise to encourage citizens to follow their legal rights and to increase their social participation. Examples can be found in plans that are intended to change the land use through the Organization of the Engineering System to eligible city planners. The purpose of the present study is to review the literature of advocacy planning and its application to urban land use adaptation plans. It also tries to show the relations between land use adaptation plans and advocacy planning theory in terms of topics, methods, and goals (the relation between theory and practice). The methodology of the present research is qualitative and data were collected through deep interviewing techniques and nonreactive measures (archival records). The field theory approach has been adopted to analyze the information and to present the final theory. Based on the qualitative sampling method of the typical case study and the theoretical saturation criterion, the views of thirty-five experts in the field of urbanization have been used in this study and their perception of the research questions have been analyzed. Using the "grounded theory" method and data coding, nine core categories were extracted from the initial findings. The result of the present study, with regard to the final core category, indicates that “ urban adaptation schemes cover many aspects of advocacy theory in urban planning, and can be considered as a practical dimension in many aspects of Advocacy Planning Theory” . The findings reveal the deep relationship between the theory of planning advocacy and urban land use adaptation plans.

This study evaluated the implementation or non-implementation of predicted project of range plan in Isfahan province. Accordingly, first, the list of range management plans was prepared. Next, the list of predicted projects for each plan was extracted. Afterwards, quantity and quality of information and barriers to project implementation were determined by using the field visits of rangelands, interviews with experts and exploiters of rangelands. The results showed that the predicted projects of Range plans have not completely implemented (average 37.58%). In the meantime, the projects of water container, livestock wells, aqueducts and fountains and pile had the best condition and dry farming, direct seeding had the worst condition. Also The revise of the Range Management Plan, failure to provide banking facilities for projects, weakness monitoring projects, problems with the proximity of range allotments, no exit surplus livestock, venture capital for projects, formulates problems in range, and the lack of consent of plan executors were the most important technical, social and economic barriers. It seems that range plans do not have enough efficiency due to technical, social and economic problems. Therefore, they should be revised in this regard regarding multiuse of rangelands.